Table 2 Early life risk factors overall and by ethnic group (White British and Pakistani), % or mean (SD)
Risk factor | Alla(N = 987) | White British (N = 382) | Pakistani (N = 474) | Pb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Pregnancy risk factors | ||||
Smoked during pregnancy (%) | N = 986 | N = 382 | N = 474 | <0.001 |
No | 85.2 | 72.3 | 96.0 | |
Yes | 14.8 | 27.7 | 4.0 | |
Gestational diabetes (%) | N = 967 | N = 376 | N = 461 | 0.001 |
No | 89.7 | 92.8 | 85.9 | |
Yes | 10.3 | 7.2 | 14.1 | |
Maternal booking BMI category (%) | N = 949 | N = 366 | N = 458 | 0.003 |
Underweight/normal | 51.2 | 45.1 | 55.2 | |
Overweight | 30.1 | 30.9 | 29 | |
Obese | 18.7 | 24.0 | 15.7 | |
Postnatal risk factors | ||||
Duration of any breastfeeding (%) | N = 987 | N = 382 | N = 474 | <0.001 |
Never | 27.0 | 36.1 | 23.4 | |
1 day to 1 month | 26.3 | 29.6 | 26.2 | |
1 to 4 months | 18.5 | 13.9 | 21.7 | |
4+ months | 28.2 | 20.4 | 28.7 | |
Weaned <17 weeks (%) | N = 924 | N = 363 | N = 440 | <0.001 |
No | 73.8 | 63.6 | 81.4 | |
Yes | 26.2 | 36.4 | 18.6 | |
Daily protein intake, mean (SD) | N = 866 | N = 330 | N = 417 | 0.001 |
g per day | 38.0 (17.2) | 40.9 (17.6) | 36.5 (17.0) | |
Daily total energy intake, mean (SD) | N = 866 | N = 330 | N = 417 | 0.003 |
Kcal per day | 1105 (433) | 1169 (445) | 1075 (412) | |
Caregivers feeding style (%) | N = 904 | N = 343 | N = 443 | <0.001 |
Authoritative | 14.7 | 15.2 | 14.4 | |
Authoritarian | 32.4 | 21.3 | 39.3 | |
Indulgent | 34.8 | 48.1 | 26.0 | |
Uninvolved | 18.0 | 15.5 | 20.3 | |
Parental self-efficacy (%) | N = 899 | N = 341 | N = 440 | 0.49 |
High | 80.0 | 80.6 | 78.6 | |
Lower scores (bottom quintile) | 20.0 | 19.4 | 21.4 | |
Parental warmth (%) | N = 897 | N = 341 | N = 439 | 0.001 |
High | 73.4 | 79.8 | 69.5 | |
Lower scores (bottom quintile) | 26.6 | 20.2 | 30.5 | |
Hostile parenting (%) | N = 896 | N = 341 | N = 439 | 0.42 |
Low | 76.8 | 75.7 | 78.1 | |
Higher scores (top quintile) | 23.2 | 24.3 | 21.9 | |
Infant TV viewing time (%) | N = 901 | N = 340 | N = 443 | <0.001 |
None | 7.2 | 6.5 | 8.1 | |
0-1 hour | 37.6 | 44.1 | 34.1 | |
1-2 hours | 27.0 | 29.4 | 23.7 | |
2-3 hours | 28.2 | 20.0 | 34.1 | |
Maternal TV viewing time (%) | N = 904 | N = 343 | N = 443 | <0.001 |
0-2 hours | 43.1 | 33.5 | 49.4 | |
2-4 hours | 41.9 | 50.4 | 36.6 | |
> 4 hours | 14.9 | 16.0 | 14.0 | |
Infant sleep duration (%) | N = 898 | N = 337 | N = 443 | 0.23 |
< 11 hours | 19.3 | 17.2 | 19.0 | |
11-12 hours | 27.6 | 30.6 | 25.5 | |
12-13 hours | 30.2 | 32.3 | 30.7 | |
13+ hours | 22.9 | 19.9 | 24.8 | |
Maternal activity level (%) | N = 902 | N = 345 | N = 439 | <0.001 |
Sedentary | 15.9 | 9.0 | 20.7 | |
Insufficiently active | 44.2 | 33.9 | 53.1 | |
Sufficiently active | 39.9 | 57.1 | 26.2 | |