|
Pregnancy risk factors
|
|
Smoked during pregnancy (%)
|
N = 986
|
N = 382
|
N = 474
|
<0.001
|
|
No
|
85.2
|
72.3
|
96.0
| |
|
Yes
|
14.8
|
27.7
|
4.0
| |
|
Gestational diabetes (%)
|
N = 967
|
N = 376
|
N = 461
|
0.001
|
|
No
|
89.7
|
92.8
|
85.9
| |
|
Yes
|
10.3
|
7.2
|
14.1
| |
|
Maternal booking BMI category (%)
|
N = 949
|
N = 366
|
N = 458
|
0.003
|
|
Underweight/normal
|
51.2
|
45.1
|
55.2
| |
|
Overweight
|
30.1
|
30.9
|
29
| |
|
Obese
|
18.7
|
24.0
|
15.7
| |
|
Postnatal risk factors
|
|
Duration of any breastfeeding (%)
|
N = 987
|
N = 382
|
N = 474
|
<0.001
|
|
Never
|
27.0
|
36.1
|
23.4
| |
|
1 day to 1 month
|
26.3
|
29.6
|
26.2
| |
|
1 to 4 months
|
18.5
|
13.9
|
21.7
| |
|
4+ months
|
28.2
|
20.4
|
28.7
| |
|
Weaned <17 weeks (%)
|
N = 924
|
N = 363
|
N = 440
|
<0.001
|
|
No
|
73.8
|
63.6
|
81.4
| |
|
Yes
|
26.2
|
36.4
|
18.6
| |
|
Daily protein intake, mean (SD)
|
N = 866
|
N = 330
|
N = 417
|
0.001
|
|
g per day
|
38.0 (17.2)
|
40.9 (17.6)
|
36.5 (17.0)
| |
|
Daily total energy intake, mean (SD)
|
N = 866
|
N = 330
|
N = 417
|
0.003
|
|
Kcal per day
|
1105 (433)
|
1169 (445)
|
1075 (412)
| |
|
Caregivers feeding style (%)
|
N = 904
|
N = 343
|
N = 443
|
<0.001
|
|
Authoritative
|
14.7
|
15.2
|
14.4
| |
|
Authoritarian
|
32.4
|
21.3
|
39.3
| |
|
Indulgent
|
34.8
|
48.1
|
26.0
| |
|
Uninvolved
|
18.0
|
15.5
|
20.3
| |
|
Parental self-efficacy (%)
|
N = 899
|
N = 341
|
N = 440
|
0.49
|
|
High
|
80.0
|
80.6
|
78.6
| |
|
Lower scores (bottom quintile)
|
20.0
|
19.4
|
21.4
| |
|
Parental warmth (%)
|
N = 897
|
N = 341
|
N = 439
|
0.001
|
|
High
|
73.4
|
79.8
|
69.5
| |
|
Lower scores (bottom quintile)
|
26.6
|
20.2
|
30.5
| |
|
Hostile parenting (%)
|
N = 896
|
N = 341
|
N = 439
|
0.42
|
|
Low
|
76.8
|
75.7
|
78.1
| |
|
Higher scores (top quintile)
|
23.2
|
24.3
|
21.9
| |
|
Infant TV viewing time (%)
|
N = 901
|
N = 340
|
N = 443
|
<0.001
|
|
None
|
7.2
|
6.5
|
8.1
| |
|
0-1 hour
|
37.6
|
44.1
|
34.1
| |
|
1-2 hours
|
27.0
|
29.4
|
23.7
| |
|
2-3 hours
|
28.2
|
20.0
|
34.1
| |
|
Maternal TV viewing time (%)
|
N = 904
|
N = 343
|
N = 443
|
<0.001
|
|
0-2 hours
|
43.1
|
33.5
|
49.4
| |
|
2-4 hours
|
41.9
|
50.4
|
36.6
| |
|
> 4 hours
|
14.9
|
16.0
|
14.0
| |
|
Infant sleep duration (%)
|
N = 898
|
N = 337
|
N = 443
|
0.23
|
|
< 11 hours
|
19.3
|
17.2
|
19.0
| |
|
11-12 hours
|
27.6
|
30.6
|
25.5
| |
|
12-13 hours
|
30.2
|
32.3
|
30.7
| |
|
13+ hours
|
22.9
|
19.9
|
24.8
| |
|
Maternal activity level (%)
|
N = 902
|
N = 345
|
N = 439
|
<0.001
|
|
Sedentary
|
15.9
|
9.0
|
20.7
| |
|
Insufficiently active
|
44.2
|
33.9
|
53.1
| |
|
Sufficiently active
|
39.9
|
57.1
|
26.2
| |
