Risk factor | Category | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | ||
Pregnancy risk factors | |||||||
Smoked during pregnancy | No | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Yes | 1.25 | (0.99, 1.60) | 1.17 | (0.90, 1.52) | 1.36 | (1.05, 1.76) | |
Gestational diabetes | No | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Yes | 0.98 | (0.72, 1.35) | 0.96 | (0.69, 1.32) | 0.98 | (0.71, 1.35) | |
Maternal booking BMI | Underweight normal | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Overweight | 1.36 | (1.09, 1.71) | 1.33 | (1.06, 1.67) | 1.28 | (1.02, 1.61) | |
Obese | 1.65 | (1.30, 2.09) | 1.55 | (1.21, 1.99) | 1.44 | (1.11, 1.86) | |
Postnatal risk factors | |||||||
Duration of any breastfeeding | Never | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
1 day to 1 month | 1.40 | (1.09, 1.81) | 1.42 | (1.11, 1.84) | 1.38 | (1.07, 1.79) | |
1 to 4 months | 1.10 | (0.81, 1.49) | 1.21 | (0.88, 1.65) | 1.16 | (0.85, 1.56) | |
4+ months | 1.05 | (0.80, 1.39) | 1.07 | (0.80, 1.42) | 1.08 | (0.82, 1.44) | |
Weaned <17 weeks | No | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Yes | 1.04 | (0.83, 1.29) | 0.96 | (0.77, 1.20) | 0.86 | (0.68, 1.08) | |
Daily protein intake | Per 1SD increase | 1.08 | (0.99, 1.18) | 1.05 | (0.95, 1.15) | 1.09 | (0.90, 1.30) |
Daily total energy intake | Per 1SD increase | 1.07 | (0.97, 1.18) | 1.04 | (0.94, 1.15) | 0.96 | (0.79, 1.16) |
Caregivers feeding style | Authoritative | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Authoritarian | 0.83 | (0.58, 1.19) | 0.87 | (0.61, 1.24) | 0.85 | (0.60, 1.22) | |
Indulgent | 1.42 | (1.03, 1.94) | 1.34 | (0.97, 1.84) | 1.29 | (0.94, 1.78) | |
Uninvolved | 1.06 | (0.73, 1.53) | 1.03 | (0.71, 1.49) | 1.07 | (0.74, 1.55) | |
Parental self-efficacy | High | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Lower scores (bottom quintile) | 0.83 | (0.63, 1.09) | 0.79 | (0.61, 1.03) | 0.76 | (0.58, 1.00) | |
Parental warmth | High | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Lower scores (bottom quintile) | 1.22 | (0.98, 1.51) | 1.29 | (1.04, 1.60) | 1.33 | (1.07, 1.65) | |
Hostile parenting | Low | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Higher scores (top quintile) | 1.04 | (0.83, 1.31) | 1.04 | (0.83, 1.31) | 1.16 | (0.91, 1.48) | |
Infant TV viewing time | None | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
0-1 hour | 1.03 | (0.68, 1.56) | 0.99 | (0.65, 1.50) | 1.04 | (0.69, 1.56) | |
1-2 hours | 1.08 | (0.71, 1.65) | 1.08 | (0.70, 1.64) | 1.19 | (0.78, 1.80) | |
>2 hours | 0.98 | (0.64, 1.50) | 1.03 | (0.67, 1.58) | 1.18 | (0.78, 1.80) | |
Maternal TV viewing time | 0-2 hours | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
2-4 hours | 1.00 | (0.81, 1.23) | 0.96 | (0.78, 1.17) | 0.88 | (0.71, 1.09) | |
>4 hours | 0.61 | (0.42, 0.90) | 0.60 | (0.41, 0.88) | 0.54 | (0.37, 0.79) | |
Infant sleep duration | <11 hours | 1.09 | (0.82, 1.45) | 1.17 | (0.87, 1.56) | 1.18 | (0.88, 1.56) |
11-12 hours | 1.05 | (0.80, 1.37) | 1.04 | (0.80, 1.35) | 1.00 | (0.77, 1.30) | |
12-13 hours | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | |
13+ hours | 1.05 | (0.79, 1.38) | 1.12 | (0.85, 1.47) | 1.13 | (0.86, 1.49) | |
Maternal activity level | Sedentary | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
Insufficiently active | 0.96 | (0.72, 1.30) | 0.93 | (0.69, 1.25) | 0.99 | (0.74, 1.33) | |
Sufficiently active | 1.13 | (0.84, 1.51) | 0.98 | (0.73, 1.32) | 1.04 | (0.77, 1.40) |