Table 1 Baseline characteristics of a sample of individuals in rural south India by BMI category
Characteristic | Underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2, n = 84) | Normal (n = 300) | Overweight (BMI ≥ 23.0 kg/m2 and <25 kg/m2, n = 118) | Obesity class I (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 and < 30 kg/m2, n = 132) | Obesity class II (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2, n = 26) | p-value for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Descriptive characteristics | ||||||
Age | 49.6 ± 17.2 | 46.8 ± 14.8 | 47.4 ± 13.5 | 45.1 ± 11.7 | 43.6 ± 11.5 | 0.05 |
Women (%) | 51.7 | 53.8 | 52.5 | 58.3 | 76.9 | 0.145 |
Waist to hip ratio | 0.84 ± 0.072 | 0.87 ± 0.075 | 0.91 ± 0.07 | 0.92 ± 0.09 | 0.92 ± 0.08 | <0.001 |
Hypertension (%) | 19.4 % | 25.8 | 40.7 | 38.9 | 50 | <0.001 |
Rurality Index | 0.04 ± 1.1 | −0.37 ± 1.3 | −0.86 ± 1.32 | −1.0 ± 1.28 | −1.95 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
Current tobacco consumer (%) | 50 | 40.5 | 34.7 | 31.5 | 7.7 | <0.001 |
Socioeconomic and education characteristics | ||||||
Wealth index | 9.7 ± 3.9 | 10.7 ± 4.6 | 11.3 ± 4.8 | 12.3 ± 5.0 | 13.5 ± 5.6 | <0.001 |
Vehicle ownership (%) | 17.6 | 26.3 | 34.7 | 35.6 | 42.3 | 0.001 |
Television ownership (%) | 78.3 | 88.3 | 95.8 | 95.5 | 96.1 | <0.001 |
Pucca housing (%) | 4.5 | 12.2 | 15.3 | 22.7 | 47.1 | <0.001 |
In-house tap water (%) | 4.5 | 7.6 | 6.7 | 10.6 | 30.8 | <0.001 |
Education (grade achieved) | 2.1 ± 3.5 | 3.1 ± 4.4 | 3.2 ± 4.2 | 3.7 ± 4.5 | 4.4 ± 4.8 | 0.007 |
Physical activity characteristics | ||||||
Physical activity (hours/day of moderate physical activity) | 4.0 ± 3.4 | 4.4 ± 3.7 | 4.3 ± 4.0 | 3.2 ± 3.4 | 1.1 ± 2.3 | <0.001 |
Sitting time (hours/day) | 4.2 ± 2.6 | 4.3 ± 4.3 | 4.3 ± 2.5 | 5.0 ± 2.8 | 6.2 ± 2.8 | <0.001 |
Television time (hours/day) | 1.3 ± 1.35 | 1.3 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.8 ± 1.37 | 2.1 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
Labour occupation (%) | 63.6 | 64.4 | 56.7 | 51.6 | 38.5 | 0.012 |
Dietary characteristics | ||||||
Current alcohol consumer (%) | 49.4 | 46.2 | 52.5 | 44.7 | 34.6 | 0.432 |
Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2390 ± 758 | 2365 ± 724 | 2439 ± 625 | 2440 ± 702 | 2031 ± 585 | 0.11 |
Carbohydrates (g/1000 kcal) | 183 ± 14 | 181 ± 15 | 177 ± 15 | 177 ± 13 | 170 ± 8 | <0.001 |
Protein (g/1000 kcal) | 25.5 ± 1.9 | 25.7 ± 2.0 | 25.5 ± 1.8 | 25.9 ± 1.7 | 26.2 ± 1.8 | 0.26 |
Total fat (g/1000 kcal) | 18.2 ± 5.3 | 19.2 ± 5.3 | 20.6 ± 4.8 | 21.2 ± 5.1 | 23.6 ± 2.9 | <0.001 |
Dietary fibre (g/1000 kcal) | 34.4 ± 12 | 32.7 ± 13 | 29.3 ± 11 | 29.6 ± 11 | 23.1 ± 7.7 | <0.001 |
Dairy products (g/1000 kcal) | 85.2 ± 77 | 74.1 ± 64 | 79.7 ± 62 | 87.1 ± 67 | 102.5 ± 66 | 0.11 |
Pulses and legumes (g/1000 kcal) | 24.2 ± 11 | 27.6 ± 12 | 29.6 ± 12 | 29.4 ± 12 | 30.7 ± 11 | 0.01 |
Meat and poultry (g/100 kcal) | 2.93 ± 3.8 | 3.3 ± 4.1 | 2.8 ± 3 | 3.3 ± 4.6 | 3.7 ± 3.4 | 0.61 |
Fruits and vegetables (g/1000 kcal) | 63.1 ± 41 | 75.6 ± 46 | 86.6 ± 58 | 84.3 ± 50 | 87.0 ± 37 | <0.001 |
Refined grains (g/1000 kcal) | 135 ± 76 | 153 ± 83 | 178 ± 90 | 165 ± 75 | 154.6 ± 55 | <0.001 |