| |
Female (N = 116)
|
Male (N = 178)
|
P values
|
|---|
|
Age (years)
|
65 ± 9
|
65 ± 10
|
0.915
|
|
SBP (mmHg)
|
125 ± 15
|
129 ± 14
|
0.032
|
|
DBP (mmHg)
|
72 ± 14
|
77 ± 12
|
0.002
|
|
Body mass index (kg/m2)
|
24.5 ± 4.7
|
25.0 ± 4.2
|
0.314
|
|
Grip strength (kg)
|
18.7 ± 5.4
|
31.5 ± 8.2
|
< 0.001
|
|
Skeletal muscle index
|
5.9 ± 0.9
|
7.2 ± 1.1
|
< 0.001
|
|
Total fat mass (kg)
|
22.2 ± 8.6
|
21.1 ± 8.2
|
0.281
|
|
Total non-fat mass (kg)
|
33.8 ± 5.4
|
46.5 ± 7.1
|
< 0.001
|
|
Andoroid (kg)
|
2.0 ± 1.0
|
2.2 ± 1.1
|
0.104
|
|
Gynoid (kg)
|
3.3 ± 1.2
|
2.9 ± 1.3
|
0.004
|
|
Andoroid (%)
|
8.3 ± 1.9
|
9.8 ± 1.8
|
< 0.001
|
|
Gynoid (%)
|
15.0 ± 2.8
|
13.4 ± 1.4
|
< 0.001
|
|
Body fat (%)
|
38.8 ± 7.4
|
30.3 ± 6.8
|
< 0.001
|
|
VFA (cm2)
|
119 ± 61
|
150 ± 71
|
< 0.001
|
|
SFA (cm2)
|
192 ± 88
|
145 ± 86
|
< 0.001
|
|
Liver attenuation index
|
1.15 ± 0.31
|
1.10 ± 0.34
|
0.445
|
|
Duration of diabetes (years)
|
6 (5–7)
|
8 (6–9)
|
0.059
|
|
HbA1c (mmol/mol)
|
54 ± 12
|
57 ± 11
|
0.143
|
|
HbA1c (%)
|
6.9 ± 1.5
|
7.2 ± 1.4
|
0.143
|
|
Triglycerides (mmol/l)
|
1.58 (1.7–1.80)
|
1.74 (1.56–1.80)
|
0.275
|
|
HDL cholesterol (mmol/l)
|
1.65 ± 0.55
|
1.45 ± 0.40
|
< 0.001
|
|
LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)
|
3.16 ± 0.89
|
2.77 ± 0.72
|
0.012
|
|
AST (U/l)
|
29 (25–33)
|
28 (23–30)
|
0.605
|
|
ALT (U/l)
|
28 (23–32)
|
29 (26–33)
|
0.556
|
|
γ-GTP (U/l)
|
46 (36–57)
|
64 (54–74)
|
0.020
|
|
Uric acid (μmol/l)
|
284 (271–297)
|
337 (325–348)
|
< 0.001
|
|
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)
|
74.8 ± 23.3
|
72.9 ± 20.8
|
0.456
|
|
Log ACR (mg/g)
|
1.59 ± 0.59
|
1.52 ± 0.62
|
0.355
|
|
PDR (%)
|
8
|
5
|
0.217
|
|
History of CVD (%)
|
5
|
15
|
0012
|
|
C-reactive protein (mg/l)
|
0.19 (0.16–0.25)
|
0.21 (0.13–0.28)
|
0.716
|
|
Insulin (%)
|
26
|
24
|
0.801
|
|
Sulfonylureas (%)
|
11
|
16
|
0.263
|
|
Biguanides (%)
|
24
|
23
|
0.859
|
|
Alpha-GIs (%)
|
3
|
7
|
0.218
|
|
Glinides (%)
|
4
|
3
|
0.689
|
|
TZDs (%)
|
3
|
4
|
0.820
|
|
DPP4 inhibitors (%)
|
29
|
30
|
0.815
|
|
GLP1 receptor agonists (%)
|
1
|
2
|
0.366
|
|
SGLT2 inhibitors (%)
|
0
|
1
|
0.851
|
|
ARBs (%)
|
32
|
38
|
0.290
|
|
Calcium channel blockers (%)
|
32
|
34
|
0.750
|
|
Statins (%)
|
37
|
31
|
0.347
|
|
Anti-platelet agents (%)
|
8
|
17
|
0.023
|
-
Abbreviations: ACR albumin-to-creatinine ratio, ALT alanine transaminase, ARBs angiotensin receptor blockers, AST aspartate transaminase, CVD cardioivascular disease, DBP diastolic blood pressure, DPP4 dipeptidyl peptidase 4, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration ratio, GIs glycosidase inhibitors, GLP1 glucagon-like peptide-1; GTP, glutamyl transpeptidase, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, PDR proliferative diabetic retinopathy, SBP systolic blood pressure, SFA subcutaneous fat area, SGLT2 sodium-glucose cotransporter 2, TZDs thiazolidinediones, VFA visceral fat area
