Characteristics | Total N = 888 | < 5 kg 1-yr. weight retention (N = 690) | ≥ 5 kg 1-yr. weight retention (N = 198) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal Age (yr) | 32.6 ± 4.8 | 32.9 ± 4.6 | 31.8 ± 5.1 | 0.005 |
Maternal Race/ Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | 0.005 |
 Non-Hispanic White | 214 (24.1) | 162 (23.5) | 52 (26.3) |  |
 Non-Hispanic Black | 68 (7.7) | 44 (6.4) | 24 (12.1) | |
 Hispanics | 260 (29.3) | 197 (28.6) | 63 (31.8) | |
 Asian | 329 (37.1) | 275 (39.9) | 54 (27.3) | |
 Other | 17 (1.9) | 12 (1.7) | 5 (2.5) | |
Education level | Â | Â | Â | <.001 |
 High school or less | 207 (23.3) | 155 (22.5) | 52 (26.2) |  |
 Some college | 245 (27.6) | 172 (24.9) | 73 (36.9) | |
  ≥ 4 years of college | 436 (49.1) | 363 (52.6) | 73 (36.9) | |
Receiving WIC benefits | Â | Â | Â | <.001 |
 No | 668 (75.2) | 538 (78.0) | 130 (65.7) |  |
 Yes | 220 (24.8) | 152 (22.0) | 68 (34.3) | |
Maternal Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 29.4 ± 7.1 | 28.9 ± 6.7 | 31.1 ± 8.3 | <.001 |
Total GWG (kg) | 10.2 ± 6.6 | 9.2 ± 5.9 | 14.0 ± 7.4 | <.001 |
Weight Retention at Baseline (kg) | 1.2 ± 6.0 | 0.1 ± 5.4 | 5.3 ± 6.0 | <.001 |
Breastfeeding Duration (months) | 8.9 ± 7.2 | 9.3 ± 7.2 | 7.8 ± 7.2 | 0.001 |
Infant Gestational Age (weeks) | 39.0 ± 1.1 | 39.1 ± 1.1 | 39.0 ± 1.2 | 0.608 |
Infant Birth Weight (g) | 3404.6 ± 500.8 | 3392.4 ± 494.0 | 3446.8 ± 522.7 | 0.178 |
Total GWG for IOM Levels: | Â | Â | Â | <.001 |
 Excessive | 306 (34.5) | 188 (27.2) | 118 (59.5) |  |
 Within or Below | 582 (65.5) | 502 (72.8) | 80 (40.5) | |
2-h 75Â g OGTT at Baseline: | Â | Â | Â | 0.002 |
 Normal | 579 (65.2) | 468 (67.8) | 111 (56.1) |  |
 Pre-diabetes | 309 (34.8) | 222 (32.2) | 87 (43.9) | |
Breastfeeding Duration Categories: | Â | Â | Â | 0.01 |
 0 to <2 months | 169 (19.0) | 123 (17.8) | 46 (23.2) |  |
 2 to 5 months | 175 (19.7) | 126 (18.3) | 49 (24.8) | |
  > 5 to 10 months | 186 (21.0) | 144 (20.9) | 42 (21.2) | |
  > 10 months | 358 (40.3) | 297 (43.0) | 61 (30.8) | |
Transition to Pre-DM or DM at 1-yr.: | Â | Â | Â | 0.004 |
 Normal at baseline and 1-yr | 361 (42.4) | 301 (45.3) | 60 (31.9) |  |
 Pre-DM at baseline, & not DM at 1-yr | 255 (30) | 187 (28.2) | 68 (36.2) | |
 Normal at baseline, developed pre-DM or DM at 1-yr | 236 (27.7) | 176 (26.5) | 60 (31.9) |