|
Maternal Age (yr)
|
32.6 ± 4.8
|
32.9 ± 4.6
|
31.8 ± 5.1
|
0.005
|
|
Maternal Race/ Ethnicity
| | | |
0.005
|
|
Non-Hispanic White
|
214 (24.1)
|
162 (23.5)
|
52 (26.3)
| |
|
Non-Hispanic Black
|
68 (7.7)
|
44 (6.4)
|
24 (12.1)
|
|
Hispanics
|
260 (29.3)
|
197 (28.6)
|
63 (31.8)
|
|
Asian
|
329 (37.1)
|
275 (39.9)
|
54 (27.3)
|
|
Other
|
17 (1.9)
|
12 (1.7)
|
5 (2.5)
|
|
Education level
| | | |
<.001
|
|
High school or less
|
207 (23.3)
|
155 (22.5)
|
52 (26.2)
| |
|
Some college
|
245 (27.6)
|
172 (24.9)
|
73 (36.9)
|
|
≥ 4 years of college
|
436 (49.1)
|
363 (52.6)
|
73 (36.9)
|
|
Receiving WIC benefits
| | | |
<.001
|
|
No
|
668 (75.2)
|
538 (78.0)
|
130 (65.7)
| |
|
Yes
|
220 (24.8)
|
152 (22.0)
|
68 (34.3)
|
|
Maternal Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)
|
29.4 ± 7.1
|
28.9 ± 6.7
|
31.1 ± 8.3
|
<.001
|
|
Total GWG (kg)
|
10.2 ± 6.6
|
9.2 ± 5.9
|
14.0 ± 7.4
|
<.001
|
|
Weight Retention at Baseline (kg)
|
1.2 ± 6.0
|
0.1 ± 5.4
|
5.3 ± 6.0
|
<.001
|
|
Breastfeeding Duration (months)
|
8.9 ± 7.2
|
9.3 ± 7.2
|
7.8 ± 7.2
|
0.001
|
|
Infant Gestational Age (weeks)
|
39.0 ± 1.1
|
39.1 ± 1.1
|
39.0 ± 1.2
|
0.608
|
|
Infant Birth Weight (g)
|
3404.6 ± 500.8
|
3392.4 ± 494.0
|
3446.8 ± 522.7
|
0.178
|
|
Total GWG for IOM Levels:
| | | |
<.001
|
|
Excessive
|
306 (34.5)
|
188 (27.2)
|
118 (59.5)
| |
|
Within or Below
|
582 (65.5)
|
502 (72.8)
|
80 (40.5)
|
|
2-h 75 g OGTT at Baseline:
| | | |
0.002
|
|
Normal
|
579 (65.2)
|
468 (67.8)
|
111 (56.1)
| |
|
Pre-diabetes
|
309 (34.8)
|
222 (32.2)
|
87 (43.9)
|
|
Breastfeeding Duration Categories:
| | | |
0.01
|
|
0 to <2 months
|
169 (19.0)
|
123 (17.8)
|
46 (23.2)
| |
|
2 to 5 months
|
175 (19.7)
|
126 (18.3)
|
49 (24.8)
|
|
> 5 to 10 months
|
186 (21.0)
|
144 (20.9)
|
42 (21.2)
|
|
> 10 months
|
358 (40.3)
|
297 (43.0)
|
61 (30.8)
|
|
Transition to Pre-DM or DM at 1-yr.:
| | | |
0.004
|
|
Normal at baseline and 1-yr
|
361 (42.4)
|
301 (45.3)
|
60 (31.9)
| |
|
Pre-DM at baseline, & not DM at 1-yr
|
255 (30)
|
187 (28.2)
|
68 (36.2)
|
|
Normal at baseline, developed pre-DM or DM at 1-yr
|
236 (27.7)
|
176 (26.5)
|
60 (31.9)
|
