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Table 1 Prenatal and postpartum characteristics of the women with GDM enrolled into the SWIFT Study (N = 888)

From: Dietary variables associated with substantial postpartum weight retention at 1-year among women with GDM pregnancy

Characteristics

Total N = 888

< 5 kg 1-yr. weight retention (N = 690)

≥ 5 kg 1-yr. weight retention (N = 198)

P-value

Maternal Age (yr)

32.6 ± 4.8

32.9 ± 4.6

31.8 ± 5.1

0.005

Maternal Race/ Ethnicity

   

0.005

 Non-Hispanic White

214 (24.1)

162 (23.5)

52 (26.3)

 

 Non-Hispanic Black

68 (7.7)

44 (6.4)

24 (12.1)

 Hispanics

260 (29.3)

197 (28.6)

63 (31.8)

 Asian

329 (37.1)

275 (39.9)

54 (27.3)

 Other

17 (1.9)

12 (1.7)

5 (2.5)

Education level

   

<.001

 High school or less

207 (23.3)

155 (22.5)

52 (26.2)

 

 Some college

245 (27.6)

172 (24.9)

73 (36.9)

  ≥ 4 years of college

436 (49.1)

363 (52.6)

73 (36.9)

Receiving WIC benefits

   

<.001

 No

668 (75.2)

538 (78.0)

130 (65.7)

 

 Yes

220 (24.8)

152 (22.0)

68 (34.3)

Maternal Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)

29.4 ± 7.1

28.9 ± 6.7

31.1 ± 8.3

<.001

Total GWG (kg)

10.2 ± 6.6

9.2 ± 5.9

14.0 ± 7.4

<.001

Weight Retention at Baseline (kg)

1.2 ± 6.0

0.1 ± 5.4

5.3 ± 6.0

<.001

Breastfeeding Duration (months)

8.9 ± 7.2

9.3 ± 7.2

7.8 ± 7.2

0.001

Infant Gestational Age (weeks)

39.0 ± 1.1

39.1 ± 1.1

39.0 ± 1.2

0.608

Infant Birth Weight (g)

3404.6 ± 500.8

3392.4 ± 494.0

3446.8 ± 522.7

0.178

Total GWG for IOM Levels:

   

<.001

 Excessive

306 (34.5)

188 (27.2)

118 (59.5)

 

 Within or Below

582 (65.5)

502 (72.8)

80 (40.5)

2-h 75 g OGTT at Baseline:

   

0.002

 Normal

579 (65.2)

468 (67.8)

111 (56.1)

 

 Pre-diabetes

309 (34.8)

222 (32.2)

87 (43.9)

Breastfeeding Duration Categories:

   

0.01

 0 to <2 months

169 (19.0)

123 (17.8)

46 (23.2)

 

 2 to 5 months

175 (19.7)

126 (18.3)

49 (24.8)

  > 5 to 10 months

186 (21.0)

144 (20.9)

42 (21.2)

  > 10 months

358 (40.3)

297 (43.0)

61 (30.8)

Transition to Pre-DM or DM at 1-yr.:

   

0.004

 Normal at baseline and 1-yr

361 (42.4)

301 (45.3)

60 (31.9)

 

 Pre-DM at baseline, & not DM at 1-yr

255 (30)

187 (28.2)

68 (36.2)

 Normal at baseline, developed pre-DM or DM at 1-yr

236 (27.7)

176 (26.5)

60 (31.9)

  1. Data are n (%), or mean ± SD; Chi-square or t-tests were performed to assess significant different in demographics between weight retention categories. BMI Body Mass Index, WIC Women, Infant, and Children, GWG gestational weight gain, IOM Institute of Medicine, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test, BF breastfeeding, Pre-DM Pre-diabetes, DM Diabetes