Variable | Males | Females | Males and Females | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude PRRa [95% CI] | Adjusted PRR [95% CI]* | Crude PRR [95% CI] | Adjusted PRR [95% CI]** | Crude PRR [95% CI] | Adjusted PRR [95% CI]*** | |
Sex | ||||||
 Males | – | – | – | – | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 Females | – | – | – | – | 8.70 [6.19–12.22] | 7.59 [5.58–10.33] |
Age | ||||||
 18–24 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 25–34 | 0.56 [0.21–1.49] | 0.76 [0.29–1.97] | 1.04 [0.80–1.34] | 0.97 [0.76–1.25] | 1.00 [0.78–1.28] | 0.97 [0.76–1.25] |
 35–44 | 0.35 [0.13–0.99] | 1.03 [0.40–2.63] | 1.11 [0.85–1.48] | 1.08 [0.82–1.42] | 1.04 [0.80–1.35] | 1.05 [0.81–1.36] |
 45–54 | 0.42 [0.12–1.43] | 0.64 [0.22–1.86] | 0.92 [0.67–1.26] | 0.90 [0.66–1.23] | 0.85 [0.62–1.16] | 0.86 [0.63–1.17] |
 55–64 | 0.27 [0.07–1.08] | 0.62 [0.20–1.91] | 1.08 [0.75–1.57] | 1.02 [0.72–1.46] | 0.97 [0.68–1.39] | 0.94 [0.66–1.33] |
  ≥ 65 | 0.39 [0.05–2.89] | 0.58 [0.12–2.77] | 1.23 [0.79–1.91] | 1.22 [0.84–1.78] | 1.11 [0.71–1.73] | 1.11 [0.75–1.65] |
Marital status | ||||||
 Never married | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 Married/Cohabiting | 2.01 [0.90–4.51] | 1.16 [0.59–2.27] | 2.03 [1.31–3.15] | 2.08 [1.39–3.13] | 1.85 [1.27–2.70] | 1.82 [1.29–2.57] |
 Other | 1.56 [0.52–4.68] | 0.68 [0.26–1.82] | 1.83 [1.14–2.91] | 1.92 [1.25–2.94] | 1.67 [1.11–2.50] | 1.69 [1.17–2.46] |
Level of education | ||||||
 No formal schooling | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 Primary | 0.57 [0.16–2.03] | 0.60 [0.24–1.50] | 1.18 [0.95–1.47] | 1.18 [0.95–1.46] | 1.15 [0.91–1.46] | 1.17 [0.94–1.46] |
 Secondary | 1.14 [0.34–3.76 | 1.08 [0.42–2.81] | 1.44 [1.13–1.83] | 1.40 [1.12–1.75] | 1.42 [1.10–1.84] | 1.42 [1.12–1.78] |
 University or higher | 0.71 [0.19–2.68] | 0.92 [0.31–2.70] | 1.18 [0.82–1.68] | 1.12 [0.78–1.60] | 1.15 [0.80–1.66] | 1.19 [0.84–1.67] |
Region of residence | ||||||
 Eastern | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 Central | 0.64 [0.22–1.85] | 0.54 [0.22–1.31] | 0.99 [0.76–1.28] | 0.93 [0.72–1.20] | 0.96 [0.75–1.23] | 0.87 [0.69–1.11] |
 Northern | 1.26 [0.54–2.89] | 0.85 [0.37–1.98] | 1.15 [0.92–1.44] | 1.08 [0.86–1.36] | 1.13 [0.89–1.44] | 1.03 [0.82–1.30] |
 Western | 0.86 [0.35–2.11] | 0.51 [0.20–1.31] | 1.23 [0.99–1.52] | 1.18 [0.96–1.45] | 1.19 [0.96–1.48] | 1.15 [0.94–1.41] |
Rural-urban residence | ||||||
 Rural | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 Urban | 1.47 [0.68–3.18] | 1.80 [0.98–3.31] | 1.33 [1.10–1.60] | 1.29 [1.09–1.54] | 1.31 [1.08–1.58] | 1.29 [1.09–1.53] |
Employment | ||||||
 Unemployed | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 Employed | 0.72 [0.33–1.54] | 0.93 [0.45–1.91] | 1.25 [1.05–1.49] | 1.22 [1.04–1.43] | 1.22 [1.01–1.47] | 1.18 [0.99–1.40] |
Fruit & Veg servings/ day | ||||||
  ≥ 5 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 1–4 | 0.69 [0.32–1.47] | 0.85 [0.38–1.91] | 0.92 [0.75–1.13] | 0.94 [0.77–1.15] | 0.90 [0.73–1.12] | 0.93 [0.75–1.15] |
Met WHO recommendation for physical activity | ||||||
 Yes | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 No | 1.76 [0.28–10.92] | 1.55 [0.37–6.42] | 1.03 [0.66–1.61] | 0.92 [0.59–1.45] | 1.05 [0.70–1.59] | 0.90 [0.59–1.35] |
Alcohol use in standard drinks per occasion | ||||||
 Never | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 Ever or ≤ 6 | 1.44 [0.74–2.78] | 0.89 [0.45–1.75] | 1.00 [0.84–1.19] | 0.97 [0.82–1.16] | 1.01 [0.85–1.21] | 0.99 [0.83–1.17] |
  > 6 | 1.53 [0.61–3.85] | 1.07 [0.47–2.45] | 1.15 [0.81–1.64] | 1.12 [0.79–1.59] | 1.19 [0.85–1.65] | 1.20 [0.87–1.66] |
Hypertensive | ||||||
 No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 Yes | 8.85 [4.19–18.71] | 10.15 [4.78–21.53] | 1.59 [1.33–1.99] | 1.60 [1.36–1.89] | 1.79 [1.52–2.12] | 1.83 [1.57–2.14] |
FPG (mmol/L) | ||||||
  < 6.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
 6.1–6.9 | 3.98 [1.14–13.91] | 2.52 [0.80–8.00] | 0.98 [0.55–1.78] | 0.99 [0.56–1.78] | 1.18 [0.72–1.95] | 1.22 [0.74–2.01] |
  > 7.0, or on DM Rx | 2.24 [1.05–4.76] | 2.45 [1.32–4.54] | 1.14 [0.88–1.48] | 1.13 [0.88–1.45] | 1.22 [0.94–1.59] | 1.24 [0.96–1.60] |