Family food environment factors associated with obesity outcomes in early childhood

BMC Obesity

Table 3 Family Food Environment factor differences by child BMI category (MANOVA)

Family Food Environment Factors*	Normal Weight (n = 586) Means (SD)	Overweight (n = 109) Means (SD)	Obese (n = 62) Means (SD)	Sig. (p value)	Partial n2
Factor 1: Negative feeding strategies¹	−0.021 (1.0)	− 0.056 (0.95)	0.296 (0.98)	0.046	0.008
Factor 2: Negative Nutrition Related Beliefs²	−0.065 (1.0)	0.239 (0.98)	0.196 (1.13)	0.004	0.015
Factor 3: High Resources³	−0.009 (1.0)	0.132 (0.87)	−0.136 (1.15)	0.209	0.004
Factor 4: High Skill⁴	0.011 (0.99)	−0.072 (1.05)	0.033 (1.03)	0.658	0.001
Factor 5: Health Focused Restriction⁵	−0.000 (1.02)	−0.048 (0.97)	0.088 (0.87)	0.690	0.001
Factor 6: Family Meals⁶	−0.000 (1.00)	0.027 (0.97)	−0.041 (1.01)	0.901	0.000
Factor 7: TV and Devices⁷	0.045 (1.01)	−0.106 (1.03)	− 0.238 (0.83)	0.049	0.008
Factor 8: Parent’s Nutrition Knowledge⁸	0.021 (0.98)	0.065 (1.05)	−0.311 (1.02)	0.032	0.009

*Factor characteristics:
1: Food as a reward for eating, Food as a reward for behaviour, Parent use of Persuasive feeding, Parent use of Overt restriction, Structured Meal setting,
2: Belief: Healthy Eating is expensive, Belief: It takes too long to prepare healthy food, Belief: Healthy Food doesn’t taste good, Availability of fruit and vegetables, Sufficient money to buy food each week (negatively loaded)
3: Suitable cooking facilities, Suitable food storage, Sufficient money to buy food each week
4: Parent’s shopping skills, Parent’s cooking skills, Availability of fruit and vegetables (negatively loaded)
5: Belief: Healthy eating is important, Parent use of Covert restriction, Parent use of Overt restriction, Structured Meal timing,
6: Single Family Meal, Structured Meal setting, Structured Meal timing (negatively loaded), Frequency of Family Meals per week, Family use of TV/devices during meals (negatively loaded)
7: Structured Meal timing (negatively loaded), Family use of TV/devices during meals, Child use of TV/devices during meals, Adult use of TV/devices during meals, Availability of fruit and vegetables
8: Parent use of Persuasive feeding (negatively loaded), Parent Total Nutrition Knowledge, Family use of TV/devices during meals (negatively loaded)

ISSN: 2052-9538