Table 5 Mean difference in BMI z-score and 95% confidence intervals for each early life risk factors from regression models with interactions between ethnicity and each risk factor (White British and Pakistani only) fully adjusted model
Risk factor | Category | White British (N = 382) | Pakistani (N = 474) | Interaction p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean differencea | 95% CI | Mean differencea | 95% CI | |||
Pregnancy risk factors | ||||||
Smoked during pregnancy | No | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0.12 |
Yes | 0.37 | (0.11, 0.62) | −0.06 | (−0.53, 0.42) | ||
Gestational diabetes | No | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0.10 |
Yes | 0.18 | (−0.22, 0.58) | −0.23 | (−0.51, 0.05) | ||
Maternal booking BMI | Underweight/normal | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0.51 |
Overweight | 0.36 | (0.11, 0.60) | 0.18 | (−0.04, 0.40) | ||
Obese | 0.34 | (0.07, 0.61) | 0.35 | (0.08, 0.62) | ||
Postnatal risk factors | ||||||
Duration of any breastfeeding | Never | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0.03 |
1 day to 1 month | 0.09 | (−0.17, 0.34) | 0.28 | (0.02, 0.54) | ||
1 to 4 months | −0.24 | (−0.57, 0.09) | 0.41 | (0.13, 0.69) | ||
4+ months | 0.00 | (−0.31, 0.31) | 0.15 | (−0.11, 0.40) | ||
Weaned <17 weeks | No | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0.33 |
Yes | −0.09 | (−0.32, 0.14) | 0.08 | (−0.17, 0.33) | ||
Daily protein intake | Per 1SD increase | 0.04 | (−0.18, 0.26) | −0.09 | (−0.29, 0.12) | 0.41 |
Daily total energy | Per 1SD increase | 0.05 | (−0.17, 0.27) | 0.08 | (−0.13, 0.30) | 0.83 |
Caregivers feeding style | Authoritative | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0.98 |
Authoritarian | −0.15 | (−0.52, 0.21) | −0.10 | (−0.40, 0.20) | ||
Indulgent | 0.08 | (−0.24, 0.39) | 0.15 | (−0.17, 0.47) | ||
Uninvolved | −0.05 | (−0.44, 0.35) | −0.04 | (−0.38, 0.30) | ||
Parental self-efficacy | High | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0.73 |
Lower scores (bottom quintile) | −0.25 | (−0.53, 0.04) | −0.18 | (−0.43, 0.06) | ||
Parental warmth | High | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0.73 |
Lower scores (bottom quintile) | 0.14 | (−0.12, 0.41) | 0.20 | (−0.01, 0.42) | ||
Hostile parenting | Low | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0.42 |
Higher scores (top quintile) | 0.06 | (−0.21, 0.32) | 0.20 | (−0.04, 0.44) | ||
Infant TV viewing time | None | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0.56 |
0-1 hour | 0.13 | (−0.32, 0.57) | −0.26 | (−0.64, 0.12) | ||
1-2 hours | 0.23 | (−0.23, 0.70) | 0.02 | (−0.38, 0.42) | ||
>2 hours | 0.25 | (−0.24, 0.74) | −0.05 | (−0.43, 0.33) | ||
Maternal TV viewing time | 0-2 hour | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0.10 |
2-4 hour | 0.09 | (−0.16, 0.33) | −0.22 | (−0.44, −0.01) | ||
>4 hour | −0.43 | (−0.77, −0.09) | −0.40 | (−0.70, −0.10) | ||
Infant sleep duration | <11 hours | 0.08 | (−0.23, 0.39) | 0.12 | (−0.16, 0.39) | 0.97 |
11-12 Hours | 0.00 | (−0.27, 0.28) | 0.09 | (−0.16, 0.35) | ||
12-13 Hours | 0 | - | 0 | - | ||
13+ hours | −0.05 | (−0.35, 0.25) | 0.03 | (−0.23, 0.28) | ||
Maternal activity level | Sedentary | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0.75 |
Insufficiently active | 0.18 | (−0.22, 0.58) | 0.02 | (−0.22, 0.26) | ||
Sufficiently active | 0.16 | (−0.23, 0.55) | 0.09 | (−0.19, 0.38) | ||