Table 2 Dietary intake variables [mean ± /sd or n (%)] at baseline (6–9 week postpartum) by 1-year postpartum weight retention categories (≥ 5 kg or <5 kg) among women with recent GDM (N = 888)a,b
Dietary Intake from PrimeScreen At 6–9 weeks postpartum (baseline) | Total | < 5 kg 1 yr | ≥ 5 kg 1 yr | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
wt retention | wt retention | |||
NÂ =Â 888 | (NÂ =Â 690) | (NÂ =Â 198) | ||
Nutrients | ||||
 Energy intake (kcal/d) | 834.2 ± 340.9 | 832.8 ± 343.2 | 839.1 ± 333.7 | 0.82 |
 Animal Fat (% of kcal) | 25.2 ± 8.2 | 25.2 ± 8.3 | 25.3 ± 7.9 | 0.84 |
 Saturated Fat (% of kcal) | 26.8 ± 8.6 | 26.8 ± 8.7 | 27.1 ± 8.3 | 0.62 |
 Fiber (g/day) | 8.4 ± 3.9 | 8.4 ± 3.9 | 8.2 ± 3.6 | 0.60 |
PrimeScreen Food Groups | ||||
 Dark Leafy Green Vegetables |  |  |  | 0.41 |
   ≥ 5 serv/wk | 267 (30.1) | 212 (30.7) | 55 (27.8) | |
  2–4 serv/wk | 434 (48.9) | 327 (47.4) | 107 (54.0) | |
  1 serv/wk | 119 (13.4) | 94 (13.6) | 25 (12.6) | |
  None | 65 (7.3) | 55 (8.0) | 10 (5.1) | |
 Broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage |  |  |  | 0.65 |
   ≥ 5 serv/wk | 80 (9.0) | 61 (8.8) | 19 (9.6) | |
  2–4 serv/wk | 346 (39.0) | 278 (40.3) | 68 (34.3) | |
  1 serv/wk | 242 (27.3) | 183 (26.5) | 59 (29.8) | |
  None | 217 (24.4) | 166 (24.1) | 51 (25.8) | |
 Carrots |  |  |  | 0.93 |
   ≥ 5 serv/wk | 88 (9.9) | 70 (10.1) | 18 (9.1) | |
  2–4 serv/wk | 322 (36.3) | 250 (36.2) | 72 (36.4) | |
  1 serv/wk | 239 (26.9) | 183 (26.5) | 56 (28.3) | |
  None | 233 (26.2) | 183 (26.5) | 50 (25.3) | |
 Other Vegetables (peas, corn, green beans) |  |  |  | 0.59 |
   ≥ 5 serv/wk | 333 (37.5) | 264 (38.3) | 69 (34.9) | |
  2–4 serv/wk | 416 (46.9) | 316 (45.8) | 100 (50.5) | |
  1 serv/wk | 99 (11.2) | 76 (11.0) | 23 (11.6) | |
  None | 31 (3.5) | 27 (3.9) | 4 (2.0) | |
 Citrus fruits (including juice) |  |  |  | 0.30 |
   ≥ 5 serv/wk | 174 (19.6) | 127 (18.4) | 47 (23.7) | |
  2–4 serv/wk | 297 (33.5) | 227 (32.9) | 70 (35.4) | |
  1 serv/wk | 162 (18.2) | 133 (19.3) | 29 (14.7) | |
  None | 250 (28.2) | 199 (28.8) | 51 (25.8) | |
Fruits (apples, pears, bananas, grapes) | Â | Â | Â | 0.44 |
   ≥ 5 serv/wk | 371 (41.8) | 286 (32.2) | 85 (42.9) | |
  2–4 serv/wk | 371 (41.8) | 291 (32.8) | 80 (40.4) | |
  1 serv/wk | 89 (10.0) | 65 (7.3) | 24 (12.1) | |
  None | 57 (6.4) | 48 (5.4) | 9 (4.6) | |
 Sweet grains (cookies, muffins, cakes) |  |  |  | 0.63 |
   ≥ 5 serv/wk | 108 (12.2) | 85 (12.3) | 23 (11.6) | |
  2–4 serv/wk | 330 (37.2) | 263 (38.1) | 67 (33.8) | |
  1 serv/wk | 255 (28.7) | 192 (27.8) | 63 (31.8) | |
  None | 193 (21.7) | 149 (21.6) | 44 (22.2) | |
 Whole grains (whole grain bread, brown rice) |  |  |  | 0.52 |
   ≥ 5 serv/wk | 423 (47.6) | 322 (46.7) | 101 (51.0) | |
  2–4 serv/wk | 290 (32.7) | 233 (33.8) | 57 (28.8) | |
  1 serv/wk | 97 (10.9) | 73 (10.6) | 24 (12.1) | |
  None | 78 (8.8) | 62 (9.0) | 16 (8.1) | |
 Pasta, rice, noodles |  |  |  | 0.60 |
   ≥ 5 serv/wk | 256 (28.8) | 203 (29.4) | 53 (26.8) | |
  2–4 serv/wk | 406 (45.7) | 306 (44.4) | 100 (50.5) | |
  1 serv/wk | 151 (17.0) | 122 (17.7) | 29 (14.7) | |
  None | 72 (8.1) | 57 (8.3) | 15 (7.6) | |
 Whole milk dairy foods (whole milk, hard cheese, butter, ice cream) |  |  |  | 0.25 |
   ≥ 5 serv/wk | 349 (39.3) | 259 (37.5) | 90 (45.5) | |
  2–4 serv/wk | 309 (34.8) | 243 (35.2) | 66 (33.3) | |
  1 serv/wk | 103 (11.6) | 82 (11.9) | 21 (10.6) | |
  None | 126 (14.2) | 105 (15.2) | 21 (10.6) | |
 Whole eggs |  |  |  | 0.031 |
   ≥ 5 serv/wk | 178 (20.1) | 148 (21.5) | 30 (15.2) | |
  2–4 serv/wk | 355 (40.0) | 284 (41.2) | 71 (35.9) | |
  1 serv/wk | 196 (22.1) | 141 (20.4) | 55 (27.8) | |
  None | 156 (17.6) | 114 (16.5) | 42 (21.2) | |
 Margarine |  |  |  | 0.75 |
   ≥ 5 serv/wk | 55 (6.2) | 40 (5.8) | 15 (7.6) | |
  2–4 serv/wk | 96 (10.8) | 74 (10.7) | 22 (11.1) | |
  1 serv/wk | 125 (14.1) | 94 (13.6) | 31 (15.7) | |
  None | 609 (68.6) | 480 (69.6) | 129 (65.2) | |
 Low-fat milk products (low-fat/skim milk, yogurt, cottage cheese) |  |  |  | 0.81 |
   ≥ 5 serv/wk | 381 (42.9) | 299 (43.3) | 82 (41.4) | |
  2–4 serv/wk | 233 (26.2) | 185 (26.8) | 48 (24.2) | |
  1 serv/wk | 92 (10.4) | 70 (10.1) | 22 (11.1) | |
  None | 178 (20.1) | 133 (19.3) | 45 (22.7) | |
 Fish/Seafood (not fried, but broiled, baked) |  |  |  | 0.71 |
   ≥ 5 serv/wk | 35 (3.9) | 30 (4.4) | 5 (2.5) | |
  2–4 serv/wk | 204 (23.0) | 158 (22.9) | 46 (23.2) | |
  1 serv/wk | 263 (29.6) | 204 (29.6) | 59 (29.8) | |
  None | 386 (43.5) | 298 (43.2) | 88 (44.4) | |
 Processed meats (sausages, salami, bologna, hot dogs, bacon) |  |  |  | 0.027 |
   ≥ 5 serv/wk | 47 (5.3) | 28 (4.1) | 19 (9.6) | |
  2–4 serv/wk | 248 (27.9) | 200 (29.0) | 48 (24.2) | |
  1 serv/wk | 246 (27.7) | 189 (27.4) | 57 (28.8) | |
  None | 345 (38.9) | 27 (39.3) | 74 (37.4) | |
 Beef, pork, or lamb |  |  |  | 0.85 |
   ≥ 5 serv/wk | 175 (19.7) | 135 (19.6) | 40 (20.2) | |
  2–4 serv/wk | 397 (44.7) | 309 (44.8) | 88 (44.4) | |
  1 serv/wk | 150 (16.9) | 114 (16.5) | 36 (18.2) | |
  None | 163 (18.4) | 129 (18.7) | 34 (17.2) | |
 Fried foods (fried chicken, fish, seafood, French fries, onion rings) |  |  |  | <.001 |
   ≥ 5 serv/wk | 32 (3.6) | 18 (2.6) | 14 (7.1) | |
  2–4 serv/wk | 208 (23.4) | 147 (21.3) | 61 (30.8) | |
  1 serv/wk | 353 (39.8) | 281 (40.7) | 72 (36.4) | |
  None | 295 (33.2) | 244 (35.4) | 51 (25.8) | |
Dietary Variables obtained from Caffeine Screener at Baseline | ||||
 Cola Soda |  |  |  | <0.001 |
   ≥ 2 serv/wk | 93 (13.5) | 49 (24.8) | 142 (16.0) |  |
  1 or less serv/wk | 189 (27.4) | 56 (28.3) | 245 (27.6) | |
  None | 408 (59.1) | 93 (47.0) | 501 (56.4) | |
 Diet Cola Soda |  |  |  | 0.37 |
   ≥ 2 serv/wk | 96 (13.9) | 34 (17.2) | 130 (14.6) |  |
  1 or less serv/wk | 102 (14.8) | 27 (13.6) | 129 (14.5) | |
  None | 488 (70.7) | 134 (67.7) | 622 (70.1) | |
Physical Activity (PA) Score | ||||
 Total PA, met hr./wk | 46.1 ± 21.1 | 46.0 ± 21.1 | 46.4 ± 21.1 | 0.80 |
 Moderate to vigorous PA, met hr./wk | 24.7 ± 15.4 | 24.6 ± 15.4 | 25.0 ± 15.4 | 0.72 |