World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. In: WHO technical report series number 894. Geneva; 2000.
Han JC, Lawlor DA, Kim SY. Childhood obesity. Lancet. 2010;373:1737–48.
Article
Google Scholar
Karnik S, Kaneka A. Childhood obesity: a global public health crisis. In J Pre Med. 2012;3:1–7.
Google Scholar
Lobstein T, Baur L, Uauy R. Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health. Obes Rev. 2004;5(suppl. 1):4–85.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Assah FK, Mbanya JC, Ekelund ULF, Wareham NJ, Brage S. Urbanization, physical activity and metabolic health in sub-Saharan Africa. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:491–6.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: WHO; 2009.
Google Scholar
Tremblay MS, Colley RC, Saunders TJ, Healy GN, Owen N. Physiological and health implications of a sedentary lifestyle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2010;35:725–40.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Poitras VJ, Gray CE, Borghese MM, Carson V, Chaput JP, et al. Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41:S197–239.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Janssen I, Leblanc AG. Systematic review of health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-age children and youth. Int Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010;7:40.
Article
Google Scholar
Telama R, Yaong X, Viikari J. Physical activity from childhood to adulthood: a 21-year tracking study. Am J Prev Med. 2005;28:267–73.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Berkey C, Rockett H, Gillman M, Colditz G. One year change in activity and inactivity among 10 – 15 year old boys and girls: relationship to change in body mass index. Pediatrics. 2003;11(4):836–43.
Article
Google Scholar
Trost SG, Sirard JR, Dowda M, Pfeiffer KA, Pate RR. Physical activity in overweight and non-overweight pre-school children. Int J Obes. 2003;27(7):834–9.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Mo-suwan L, Tongkumchum P, Puetpaiboon A. Determinants of overweight tracking from childhood to adolescence: a 5 year follow-up of Hat Yai school children. Int J Obes. 2000;24:1642–7.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Must A, Tybor DJ. Physical activity and sedentary behavior: a review of longitudinal studies of weight and adiposity in youth. Int J Obes. 2005;29(Suppl 2):84–96.
Article
Google Scholar
Biddle SJH, Bengoechea EG, Weisner G. Sedentary behavior and adiposity in youth: a systematic review of reviews and analysis of causality. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14:43.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ferrari GL, Araujo TL, Oliveira LC, Matsudo V, Fisgerb M. Association between electronic equipment in the bedroom and sedentary lifestyle, physical activity and body mass index of children. J Pediatr. 2015;91:574–82.
Article
Google Scholar
Greca JP, Silva DA, Loch MR. Physical activity and screen time in children and adolescents in medium size town in south of Brazil. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2016;34(3):316–22.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Carson V, Hunter S, Kuzik N, Gray CE, Poitras VJ. Systematic review of sedentary behavior and health indicators in school-age children and youth: an update. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41:S240–65.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Burke V, Beilin LT, Durkin K, Stritzke WG, Houghton S, et al. Television, computer use, physical activity, diet and fitness in Australian adolescents. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2006;1:248–55.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Peltzer K. Health behavior and protective factors among school children in four African countries. Int J Behav Med. 2009;16:172–80.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bénéfice E, Garnier D, Ndiaye G. Assessment of physical activity among rural Senegalese adolescent girls: influence of age, sexual maturation and body composition. J Adolesc Health. 2001;28:319–27.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Micklesfield LK, Pedro TM, Kahn K, Kinsman J, Pettifor JM, et al. Physical activity and sedentary behavior among adolescents in rural South Africa: levels, patterns and correlates. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:40.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Joens-Matre RR, Welk GJ, Calabro MA, Russell DW, Nicklay E, et al. Rural-urban differences in physical activity, physical fitness and overweight prevalence of children. J Rural Health. 2008;24(1):49–54.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Orhan O. The relationship between physical activity level, body mass index and body fat percentage in urban and rural elementary school students. Educ Res Rev. 2015;10(1):67–74.
Google Scholar
Mathuri SK, Wachira LI, Onywera VO, Tremblay MS. Correlates of objectively measured overweight/obesity and physical activity in Kenyan school children: results from ISCOLE-Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:436.
Article
Google Scholar
Hall DM, Cole TJ. What is the BMI? Arch Dis Child. 2006;91:283–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
McCarthy HD. Body fat measurements in children as predictors for the metabolic syndrome: focus on waist circumference. Proc Nutr Soc. 2006;65:385–92.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schmelzle HR, Fush C. Body fat in neonates and young infants: validation of skinfold thickness versus dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:1096–100.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mushtaq MU, Gull S, Mushtaq K, Shahid U, Shad MA, et al. Dietary behaviors, physical activity and sedentary lifestyle associated with overweight and obesity, and their socio-demographic correlates, among Pakistani primary school children. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8:130.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
US Department of Health and Human Sciences. Healthy people 2010. 2nd ed. Washington, DC; 2000.
American Academy of Pediatrics CoPE. Children, adolescents and television. Pediatrics. 2001;107:423–6.
Article
Google Scholar
Fezeu L, Minkoulou E, Balkau B, Kengne AP, Unwin N, et al. Association between socioeconomic status and adiposity in urban Cameroon. Int J Epidemiol. 2005;35:105–11.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
de Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siytam A, Nishida C, et al. Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85:660–7.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Koenker R. Quantile regression in R: a vignette, 2017 version. Available from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/quantreg/vignettes/rq.pdf. Accessed 15 July 2017.
Straatmann VS, da Veiga GV. Cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity and indicators of adiposity in Brazilian adolescents. Hum Mov. 2015;16(2):64–70.
Google Scholar
Bai Y, Chen S, Laurson KR, Kim Y, Saint-Maurice PF, et al. The associations of youth physical activity and screen time with fatness and fitness: the 2012 NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0148038.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Senbanjo IO, Oshikoya KA. Physical activity and body mass index of school children and adolescents in Abeokuta, Southwest Nigeria. World J Pediatr. 2010;6(3):217–22.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Coombs NA, Stamatakis E. Associations between objectively assessed and questionnaire-based sedentary behavior with BMI-defined obesity among general population children and adolescents living in England. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e007172.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Navti LK, Ferrari U, Tange E, Bechtold-Dalla Pozza S, Parhofer KG. Contribution of socioeconomic status, stature and birth weight to obesity in sub-Saharan Africa: cross sectional data from primary school-age children in Cameroon. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:320.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Carson V, Hunter S, Kuzik N, Gray CE, Poitras VJ, et al. Systematic review of sedentary behavior and health indicators in school-age children and youth: an update. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41:S240–65.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Matsudo VK, Ferrari GL, Araujo, Oliveira L, Mirec E, et al. Socioeconomic status indicators, physical activity, and overweight/obesity in Brazilian children. Rev Paul Pediatr. 2016;34(2):162–70.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gomez LF, Parra DC, Lobelo F, et al. Television viewing and its association with overweight in Colombian children: results from the 2005 National Nutrition Survey: a cross sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2007;4:41.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ogden CL, Lamb MM, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. Obesity and socioeconomic status in children and adolescents: United States, 2005 – 2008. NCHS Data Brief. 2010;51:1–8.
Google Scholar
Muthuri SK, Francis CE, Wachira LM, LeBlanc AG, Sampson M, et al. Evidence of an overweight/obesity transition among school-aged children and youth in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e92846.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sprengeler O, Wirsik N, Hebestreit A, Herrmann D, Ahrens W. Domain-specific self-reported and objectively measured physical activity in children. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14:242.
Article
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Diet, nutrition and prevention of chronic diseases. Report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation. In: WHO technical report series no. 916: 61; 2003.
Google Scholar
Drewnowski A, Damon N. The economics of obesity, dietary energy density and energy cost. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:265S–73S.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(2):274–88.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Allison DB, Mattes RD. Nutritively sweetened beverage consumption and obesity. The need for a solid evidence on a fluid issue. JAMA. 2009;301:318–20.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kohl HW, Fulton JE, Caspersen CJ. Assessment of physical activity among children and adolescents: a review and synthesis. Prev Med. 2000;31:S54–76.
Article
Google Scholar